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The symbol (unicode:☞) is a punctuation mark, called an index, manicule (from the Latin root ''manus'' for "hand" and ''manicula'' for "little hand") or fist. Other names for the symbol include printer's fist, bishop's fist, digit, mutton-fist, hand, hand director, pointer, and pointing hand.〔Sherman, p. 9-10〕 ==History== The symbol originates in scribal tradition of the medieval and Renaissance period, appearing in the margin of manuscripts to mark corrections or notes. Manicules are first known to appear in the 12th century in handwritten manuscripts in Spain,〔Geoffrey Ashall Glaister s.v. "digit 2.", ''Encyclopedia of the Book'', 2nd Edition, 2001, p. 141. "This type ornament has a long history, the printed outline of a hand being used as a paragraph mark by, among other early printers, Huss at Lyons in 1484 in the edition of Paulus Florentinus’s ‘Breviarum totius juris canonici’ he printed with Johannes Schabeler. As with other typographic conventions this was taken from scribal practice, carefully drawn hands pointing to a new paragraph being found in early 12th century (Spanish) manuscripts. It is also known as a fist, hand, or index."〕 and became common in the 14th and 15th centuries in Italy with some very elaborate with shading and artful cuffs.〔Sherman, p. 11〕 Some were playful and elaborate, but others were as simple as "two squiggly strokes suggesting the barest sketch of a pointing hand" and thus quick to draw.〔Sherman, p. 12〕 After the popularization of the printing press starting in the 1450s, the handwritten version continued in handwritten form as a means to annotate printed documents. Early printers using a type representing the manicule included Mathias Huss and Johannes Schabeler in Lyons in their 1484 edition of Paulus Florentinus' ''Breviarum totius juris canonici''.〔 In the modern period, the pointing hand became more popular in publications, advertising, and directional signage.〔Sherman, p. 13〕 Some fingerposts have relief-printed or even fully three-dimensional physical manifestations of pointing hands,〔Pictures from an image search for "manicule fingerpost": (), (), ()〕 The United States Postal Service has also used a pointing hand as a graphical indicator for its "Return to Sender" stamp. In modern printing, it was used as a standard typographical symbol marking notes. The American ''Dictionary of Printing and Bookmaking'' (1894) treats it as the seventh in the standard sequence of footnote markers, following the paragraph sign (pilcrow):〔Hasler (1953:4). The standard sequence of reference marks was *, †, ‡, §, ‖, ¶, and ☞.〕 Sherman (2005) argues that as the symbols became standardized, they were no longer reflective of individuality in comparison to other writing, and this explains their diminished popularity.〔Sherman, p. 20-21〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Index (typography)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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